Climate Zones and Biodiversity of Nepal

Nepal is a land of incredible natural diversity, not only in its breathtaking landscapes but also in its wide variety of climates and living organisms. Although Nepal is relatively small in size—covering just about 147,516 square kilometers—its geography is remarkably varied. From the warm, tropical lowlands in the south to the cold, snow-covered peaks of the Himalayas in the north, Nepal contains a vast range of climate zones. This dramatic change in altitude over a short distance creates different weather patterns, temperatures, and rainfall levels across the country.

Because of this diversity in climate, Nepal is home to a stunning variety of plants, animals, and ecosystems. The tropical forests of the Terai plains teem with wildlife like Bengal tigers, one-horned rhinoceroses, and elephants, while the temperate forests of the hills shelter deer, leopards, and colorful birds such as pheasants and hornbills. Higher up, the subalpine and alpine zones are home to snow leopards, Himalayan tahrs, and unique mountain flora adapted to survive harsh conditions. At the highest elevations, where the air is thin and temperatures drop well below freezing, only a few hardy species can survive amid glaciers and rocky terrain.

This incredible range of life forms and habitats makes Nepal one of the most ecologically diverse countries in the world, despite its modest size. Its biodiversity is not only important for scientific study and conservation but also vital to the livelihoods, cultures, and traditions of the many communities who live there. Protecting Nepal’s diverse environments is essential for maintaining its natural beauty and ensuring that future generations can continue to benefit from its rich natural heritage.

🌡️ Climate Zones of Nepal

Nepal’s climate changes dramatically with altitude, geography, and seasons. The country’s climate zones can be broadly divided based on elevation:

1. Tropical and Subtropical Zone (Terai and Lower Hills)

Elevation: Below 1,200 meters above sea level

Climate: This zone experiences a hot and humid climate during the summer months, with temperatures frequently rising above 35°C (95°F). The combination of heat and high humidity creates a tropical atmosphere. Winters are much milder compared to other parts of Nepal, with temperatures rarely dropping below 10°C (50°F), making the climate very comfortable for both humans and wildlife. The region receives abundant rainfall during the monsoon season (June to September), often exceeding 1,500 millimeters annually. This heavy monsoon rainfall nourishes the fertile soils and supports lush vegetation.

Geographical and Environmental Characteristics: The tropical and subtropical zone mainly covers the Terai plains, a vast stretch of flat and fertile land at Nepal’s southern border with India. This region is part of the larger Gangetic Plain, one of the most fertile and productive agricultural zones in South Asia. The zone also extends into the lower hills where the elevation gradually rises but the climate remains warm and humid. The Terai region is often referred to as the “granary of Nepal” because it produces the majority of the country’s food grains, including rice, wheat, maize, and sugarcane. Its fertile alluvial soil and favorable weather conditions allow for multiple cropping seasons in a year. Besides agriculture, this zone supports dense tropical forests, grasslands, and wetlands, making it an ecological hotspot.

Vegetation:The vegetation in this zone is rich and diverse, primarily consisting of dense tropical and subtropical forests. The most common tree species include:

• • Sal (Shorea robusta): This is the dominant tree species in the Terai and known for its hard, durable timber. Sal forests are important ecosystems that support many forms of wildlife.
• • Sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo): Another hardwood tree valued for its strength and use in furniture and construction.
• • Bamboo: Widely used by local communities for building, crafts, and as a food source.
• • The forests are often interspersed with grasslands and swamps, creating diverse habitats.

Wildlife:The tropical and subtropical zone is a haven for wildlife and is home to several endangered and iconic species, including:

• • Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris): The Terai is one of the few remaining habitats for wild Bengal tigers. Nepal’s national parks such as Chitwan National Park and Bardiya National Park provide protected areas where tigers and their prey thrive.
• • One-horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis): Another endangered species, these rhinos are mostly found in the grasslands and forests of Chitwan and Bardiya.
• • Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus): These gentle giants roam the forests and grasslands and are crucial for maintaining ecological balance.
• • Various bird species: Including peafowl (national bird of Nepal), hornbills, kingfishers, and numerous migratory birds that visit the wetlands during winter.
• • Other mammals such as sloth bears, deer, wild boar, and monkeys are common.

Human Settlements and Culture: The Terai and lower hill regions are densely populated compared to the mountainous north. The climate and fertile soil make it easier for communities to practice settled agriculture and develop towns and cities. The region is ethnically diverse, home to groups such as the Tharu, Madhesi, Rajbanshi, and various hill ethnic communities who have their own distinct cultures, languages, and traditions.

Economic Importance:

• • The Terai region produces more than 50% of Nepal’s total agricultural output, including staples like rice and wheat.
• • It serves as Nepal’s economic gateway, with many of the country’s industries, markets, and trade centers located here.
• • Major towns such as Biratnagar, Birgunj, and Janakpur are important industrial and commercial hubs.
• • The forests provide timber, medicinal plants, and other non-timber forest products used by local communities and industries.

Environmental Challenges:

• • The Terai zone faces challenges such as deforestation, habitat loss, and human-wildlife conflict, especially due to expanding agriculture and settlements.
• • Flooding during the monsoon can cause damage to crops and infrastructure.
• • Conservation efforts are ongoing to protect this region’s unique forests and wildlife, with several national parks and wildlife reserves established.

2. Temperate Zone (Mid-Hills)

Elevation: 1,200 to 2,400 meters above sea level

Climate: The temperate zone of Nepal, covering the mid-hills, enjoys a moderate climate throughout the year. Summers are generally warm and comfortable, with temperatures ranging between 20°C to 30°C (68°F to 86°F). The warm weather supports agriculture and outdoor activities. In contrast, winters can be cool to chilly, with temperatures occasionally dropping close to or just below the freezing point, especially during December and January. This zone experiences moderate rainfall during the monsoon season (June to September), which helps maintain lush greenery without the extreme humidity of the lowlands.

Geographical and Environmental Characteristics: This climate zone stretches over much of Nepal’s hill region, including some of the country’s most important valleys and cities, such as the Kathmandu Valley and Pokhara Valley. These areas are characterized by rolling hills, river valleys, and a mix of forests and farmland. The terrain is mostly hilly but with gentler slopes compared to the high mountains. The fertile soils and favorable climate make this zone a major area for terrace farming, where farmers grow a variety of crops on carved steps along the hillsides.

Vegetation:The vegetation here is a mix of broadleaf and coniferous forests that change slightly with altitude:

• • Pine forests: Found on sunnier slopes, these trees are adapted to cooler and drier conditions.
• • Oak forests: Provide rich habitat for wildlife and are often found mixed with pine trees.
• • Rhododendron: Nepal’s national flower, rhododendrons bloom spectacularly in spring, covering hillsides in vibrant colors of red, pink, and white.
• • Maple trees: Add beautiful fall colors and provide timber.
• • Other species include birch, alder, and chestnut trees.

Wildlife:The temperate zone is home to a diverse range of wildlife, which thrives in the mixed forests and fertile valleys:

• • Deer: Several species such as barking deer and sambar deer are common here.
• • Monkeys: Rhesus macaques and langurs are frequently seen near villages and forests.
• • Leopards: Although elusive, leopards inhabit the forests and hills, preying on deer and smaller mammals.
• • Numerous bird species including pheasants, eagles, woodpeckers, and colorful songbirds add to the zone’s biodiversity.

Human Settlements and Culture: This zone is densely populated and culturally rich...

Economic Importance: This zone is densely populated and culturally rich. It hosts Nepal’s capital, Kathmandu, and other important cities like Pokhara and Dhulikhel. These areas are cultural, political, and economic hubs, attracting people from all over the country. The temperate climate supports a lifestyle balanced between agriculture, trade, and tourism. Terrace farming is widely practiced here, with farmers growing crops like maize, millet, wheat, barley, and vegetables. The mid-hills are also known for producing tea, coffee, and medicinal herbs. The diverse ethnic groups in this zone include Newars, Gurungs, Magars, Tamangs, and Brahmin-Chhetri, each with unique traditions, festivals, and languages, enriching Nepal’s cultural fabric.

• • Agriculture thrives due to moderate climate and fertile soils.
• • Cities in this zone are centers for education, business, and tourism.
• • Tourist attractions like the lakeside city of Pokhara and the historic Kathmandu Valley draw thousands of visitors annually, boosting the local economy.
• • Forest resources such as timber, firewood, and medicinal plants support local livelihoods.

Environmental Challenges:

• • Increasing urbanization around cities like Kathmandu has led to deforestation, pollution, and land degradation.
• • Terrace farming requires careful soil management to prevent erosion.
• • Human-wildlife conflicts, especially with leopards and monkeys, occasionally occur as human settlements expand.

3. Subalpine Zone (Higher Hills and Lower Mountains)

Elevation: 2,400 to 3,600 meters above sea level

Climate: The subalpine zone is characterized by cool summers and cold winters. Summers are short and mild, with temperatures generally ranging between 10°C to 20°C (50°F to 68°F), making this zone much cooler than the lower hills. Winters are long and harsh, often dropping well below freezing, with heavy snowfall common during the coldest months. The snow cover can last for several weeks to months depending on the altitude, shaping the landscape and life here.

Geographical and Environmental Characteristics: This zone covers the higher hill areas and the lower slopes of the mountains. The terrain here is steep and rugged, with many valleys, cliffs, and ridges. The environment transitions from the mixed forests of the temperate zone below to forests dominated by coniferous trees. The subalpine zone forms an important ecological boundary known as the treeline, above which conditions become too harsh for most trees to survive.The subalpine zone acts as a natural barrier, influencing weather patterns and providing vital water sources as snow melts into rivers during spring and summer.

Vegetation:The vegetation here mainly consists of coniferous forests adapted to the colder climate and shorter growing season:

• • Fir (Abies spp.): Tall, needle-leaved trees that dominate many subalpine forests.
• • Spruce (Picea spp.): Common conifers with conical shapes that shed snow easily.
• • Juniper (Juniperus spp.): Hardy shrubs or small trees that grow in rocky and dry areas.
• • Rhododendron: Shrubby rhododendron species thrive here, especially near the treeline, often flowering spectacularly in spring.
• • Mosses and lichens cover the forest floor, supporting a variety of insects and fungi.

These forests are crucial for protecting soil, regulating water flow, and providing habitat for wildlife.

Wildlife:The subalpine zone supports many adapted animals that can survive the cold and rugged conditions:

• • Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia): An elusive and endangered big cat, perfectly camouflaged for rocky, snowy terrain.
• • Himalayan Tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus): A wild goat with thick fur, well-suited for steep cliffs and cold weather.
• • Musk Deer (Moschus chrysogaster): Small deer known for the musk they produce; shy and adapted to forested areas.
• • Numerous alpine birds such as the Himalayan monal (Nepal’s national bird), snow partridge, and various species of pheasants and vultures.

Other mammals, such as wild sheep (bharal) and red foxes, also inhabit these zones.

Human Life and Culture: Farming and settlement become more challenging at this altitude due to the shorter growing season and colder climate. However, some ethnic groups like the Sherpa, Lama, and Tibetan communities live in and around this zone, especially on mountain slopes. They practice subsistence farming, growing hardy crops like barley, potatoes, and buckwheat. Animal husbandry is common, with locals raising yaks, sheep, and goats adapted to cold environments. The subalpine zone is also culturally important as many mountain passes, monasteries, and pilgrimage routes pass through this area, connecting remote communities.

Environmental Importance:

• • The forests in this zone act as watershed areas, storing snow and releasing water slowly, which feeds rivers downstream.
• • They help prevent soil erosion and landslides, which can be dangerous for lower regions.
• • The zone supports species that are indicators of climate change, as rising temperatures can push the treeline higher, threatening alpine ecosystems.

4. Alpine Zone (High Mountains)

Elevation: 3,600 to 5,000 meters above sea level

Climate: The alpine zone is characterized by a cold, harsh, and windy climate. Temperatures remain low throughout the year, often staying below freezing during the long winter months. Winters are severe and snowy, with heavy snowfall that can last for several months. Summers are very short and cool, with temperatures rarely rising above 10°C (50°F). The limited warmth during summer allows only a brief growing season for plants.

Geographical and Environmental Characteristics: This zone lies above the treeline, which means it is too cold and the growing season too short for trees to survive. The landscape here is dominated by rocky slopes, steep cliffs, and wide open spaces. The terrain is often rugged and exposed to strong winds, making it a tough environment for most plants and animals. This area includes the lower slopes of the Himalayas’ highest peaks and forms a transition zone between forested lower regions and the icy, glaciated high mountains above.

Vegetation: Vegetation is sparse due to the cold climate and poor soil, but specialized plants have adapted to survive in this tough environment:

• • Alpine meadows: Cover gentle slopes during the brief summer months with grasses and small flowering plants.
• • Grasses: Hardy grasses can grow quickly in the short growing season.
• • Mosses and lichens: Thrive on rocks and soil where other plants cannot grow.
• • Small flowering plants like edelweiss, gentians, and primulas add color to the meadows during summer.

These plants are crucial for stabilizing the soil and providing food for herbivores.

Wildlife: Despite harsh conditions, the alpine zone supports a range of specially adapted wildlife:

• • Blue Sheep (Bharal): A sure-footed wild sheep that grazes alpine grasses and avoids predators by living on steep cliffs.
• • Himalayan Marmots: Large ground squirrels that hibernate during winter and live in burrows.
• • Snow Leopard: The elusive and endangered big cat is a top predator in this zone, expertly camouflaged in rocky terrain.
• • Rare birds: Including the Himalayan monal (Nepal’s national bird), snow pigeons, and choughs, which survive on sparse vegetation and insects.

Other animals like pikas and mountain weasels also inhabit this zone.

Human Life and Culture: Human settlements are rare and limited to a few nomadic or semi-nomadic communities, such as the Sherpas, who live in higher villages near the alpine zone. They rely heavily on yak herding and trade with lower regions. This zone is also important for mountaineers and trekkers who pass through these areas on their way to the world’s highest peaks. Many sacred sites and monasteries are found in or near the alpine zone, reflecting the spiritual significance of these mountains.

Environmental Importance:

• • Alpine meadows and grasses act as important grazing grounds for wild and domestic herbivores.
• • The zone is a critical water source, as snow and glaciers above feed rivers that supply millions downstream.
• • It is highly sensitive to climate change; rising temperatures can reduce snow cover and change the delicate balance of these ecosystems.

5. Nival Zone (Permanent Snow and Ice)

Elevation: Above 5,000 meters above sea level

Climate: The nival zone is the coldest and most extreme climate zone in Nepal. Temperatures remain far below freezing for most of the year, with permanent snow and ice covering the land. This zone experiences very strong winds and intense solar radiation due to the high altitude and thin atmosphere. The weather conditions are harsh and unpredictable, with frequent blizzards and heavy snowfall.

Geographical and Environmental Characteristics: This zone includes the highest peaks of the Himalayas, such as Mount Everest (8,848.86 m), Annapurna, Kanchenjunga, Dhaulagiri, and Lhotse. The landscape is dominated by massive glaciers, ice fields, snowfields, and steep rocky cliffs. The terrain is largely barren, with no soil or plant life due to the extreme cold and lack of oxygen. These towering peaks and icy expanses form the roof of the world, acting as the source of many major rivers through glacial melt.

Vegetation: Due to the severe cold and permanent ice cover, no vegetation grows in this zone. The environment is too hostile for plants to survive.

Wildlife: Wildlife is extremely limited in the nival zone. Only a few specially adapted species can survive near the lower edges of this zone, such as:

• • Hardy insects that can tolerate cold temperatures.
• • Birds, including some migratory species that fly to lower altitudes during winter but may visit higher elevations in summer, such as the Himalayan snowcock and choughs.

Larger animals and humans generally cannot live in this zone, although mountaineers and climbers visit temporarily during expeditions.

Human Life and Culture: Permanent human settlement is not possible in the nival zone due to extreme weather and lack of resources. However, this zone is culturally significant because many of Nepal’s highest mountains are considered sacred in local traditions and religions. Mountaineering expeditions bring seasonal human activity, attracting climbers from all over the world hoping to reach the summit of the world’s tallest peaks.

Environmental Importance:

• • The glaciers and snowfields of the nival zone act as natural water reservoirs, slowly releasing meltwater that feeds major rivers essential for millions of people downstream.
• • This zone is a sensitive indicator of climate change; glacial retreat and shrinking snowfields are signs of rising global temperatures, which can impact water availability and natural hazards such as floods and landslides.

🌿 Biodiversity of Nepal

Nepal’s remarkable range of climate zones—from tropical lowlands to icy mountain peaks—creates a wide variety of habitats that support an enormous diversity of plants, animals, and ecosystems. Despite its small size, Nepal is considered one of the richest countries in terms of biodiversity, making it a vital region for conservation and ecological study. The country’s biodiversity includes:

Flora (Plant Life) of Nepal

Nepal is renowned for its extraordinary botanical diversity, hosting more than 6,000 species of flowering plants across its varied climate zones and altitudes. This vast range of plant species includes many rare and endemic plants, medicinal herbs, and orchids, making Nepal a critical area for plant conservation in the Himalayan region. The diversity in plant life is closely linked to Nepal’s unique geography and climatic conditions, which range from tropical lowlands to high mountain meadows.

Tropical Forests of the Terai Region

The Terai plains, lying at elevations below 1,200 meters, are covered with dense tropical and subtropical forests. The climate here—hot and humid with heavy monsoon rains—supports the growth of large trees and thick undergrowth. Major tree species in this region include:

• • Sal (Shorea robusta): The dominant forest tree of Terai, sal wood is highly valued for construction and furniture due to its strength and durability. These forests form extensive canopies that shelter a rich variety of animals.
• • Teak (Tectona grandis): A hardwood tree prized for its beautiful grain and resistance to pests, teak thrives in the warmer parts of Terai and is harvested commercially.
• • Bamboo: Bamboo species are widespread and grow quickly, serving as building material, handicraft raw material, and even food (bamboo shoots).
• • Other tree species such as sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo), neem (Azadirachta indica), and various tropical hardwoods add to the forest diversity.

These forests not only provide timber and fuelwood but also play a crucial role in maintaining soil fertility, preventing erosion, and regulating water flow during the monsoon.

Forests of the Mid-Hills

The mid-hill region (1,200 to 2,400 meters elevation) is characterized by mixed broadleaf and coniferous forests, reflecting a temperate climate that supports a wide variety of plant species. This zone is well known for its natural beauty and rich vegetation:

• • Oak (Quercus spp.): Oaks form dense, broadleaf forests providing important habitat for many animals and are used for timber and firewood.
• • Rhododendron (Rhododendron spp.): The rhododendron is Nepal’s national flower and an iconic symbol of the Himalayan forests. In spring, hillsides burst into color with red, pink, and white blossoms, attracting tourists and nature lovers.
• • Pine (Pinus spp.): These conifers are well adapted to cooler and drier hill slopes, providing valuable timber and resin.
• • Maple (Acer spp.) and Chestnut (Castanea spp.): Known for their hardwood and seasonal beauty, these species enrich the biodiversity.
• • Birch (Betula spp.) and Alder (Alnus spp.): Common near streams and moist areas, these trees contribute to soil enrichment and forest health.

This region also produces non-timber forest products like mushrooms, medicinal herbs, fruits (like wild berries), and honey, which are important to local economies.

Alpine Meadows and Subalpine Vegetation

At elevations between 2,400 and 5,000 meters, the environment becomes too harsh for trees to grow, giving way to alpine and subalpine vegetation. This zone is characterized by:

• • Alpine meadows filled with hardy grasses, mosses, and lichens that survive short growing seasons and cold temperatures.
• • Beautiful but tough wildflowers, such as edelweiss, gentians, primulas, and blue poppies, which add vibrant colors to the otherwise rocky terrain during summer.
• • Shrubby junipers and rhododendrons near the treeline, which provide cover and food for wildlife.

These plants are essential for preventing soil erosion, retaining moisture, and supporting high-altitude herbivores like Himalayan tahr and musk deer.

Medicinal and Economic Importance

Many plants in Nepal are deeply embedded in local cultures and traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda and Amchi (Tibetan medicine). Some examples:

• • Yarsagumba (Cordyceps sinensis): A valuable fungus used as a tonic and treatment for various ailments, found in alpine regions.
• • Tulsi (Holy basil), neem, and turmeric: Used widely for their healing properties.
• • Numerous herbs and shrubs collected from forests contribute to rural livelihoods, with Nepal exporting many medicinal plants.

Timber from forests is used for housing, furniture, and tools, while fruits, nuts, and wild edible plants supplement local diets.

Conservation and Challenges

Despite its rich flora, Nepal faces environmental challenges:

• • Deforestation and habitat loss due to expanding agriculture, urbanization, and logging threaten many native plant species.
• • Climate change is altering temperature and rainfall patterns, impacting the distribution and health of plants, especially in sensitive alpine zones.
• • Overharvesting of medicinal plants and timber can lead to depletion if not managed sustainably.

Conservation efforts include establishing protected areas, community forestry programs, and botanical gardens that promote sustainable use and protect endangered species.

Fauna (Animal Life) of Nepal

Nepal is home to a rich and diverse animal kingdom, with an estimated 900 species of birds and over 180 species of mammals. This extraordinary variety is due to the country’s unique geography, climate zones, and protected natural habitats, ranging from tropical plains to the high Himalayas. Nepal’s wildlife is an important part of its natural heritage, culture, and ecological balance.

Birds of Nepal

Nepal’s birdlife is incredibly diverse, including many colorful, rare, and endangered species:

• • The Himalayan monal is Nepal’s national bird, known for its brilliant, iridescent feathers and striking appearance. It inhabits temperate and alpine forests.
• • Large birds of prey such as golden eagles, Himalayan griffon vultures, and lammergeiers soar over mountain valleys.
• • The forests and wetlands are home to various pheasants, including the impeyan pheasant and blood pheasant, which are prized for their beauty.
• • Wetlands and rivers attract migratory waterfowl, herons, kingfishers, and other aquatic birds.

Birdwatching is a popular activity for tourists and locals alike, helping to raise awareness about conservation.

Mammals of Nepal

Nepal’s mammalian fauna ranges from the mighty to the tiny, with many species unique to the Himalayan ecosystem:

• • The Bengal tiger prowls the dense tropical forests of the Terai and is a flagship species for conservation efforts.
• • The one-horned rhinoceros (Indian rhinoceros) is found mainly in the grasslands and wetlands of southern Nepal’s national parks.
• • The elusive and endangered snow leopard inhabits the cold, rugged high mountains, an apex predator adapted to the alpine and subalpine zones.
• • The rare red panda, a small tree-dwelling mammal with reddish fur, lives in temperate forests and is known for its shy and solitary nature.
• • The Asiatic elephant roams the Terai’s forests and grasslands, playing a key role in ecosystem functioning.
• • Other notable mammals include the Himalayan black bear, sloth bear, barking deer, musk deer, Himalayan tahr, wild boar, and various monkey species such as rhesus macaques and langurs.

Many mammals are under threat from habitat loss and poaching, making conservation efforts vital.

Aquatic Life: Rivers and Lakes

Nepal’s rivers and lakes support a variety of aquatic species:

• • Numerous fish species, including trout and mahseer, inhabit the cold mountain streams and warmer lowland rivers.
• • The Gharial crocodile, once common in the Terai rivers, is now rare but protected.
• • Freshwater turtles and tortoises live in ponds, lakes, and slow-moving rivers, contributing to aquatic biodiversity.

These aquatic ecosystems provide food and livelihood for local communities and are critical for maintaining ecological balance.

Protected Areas and Conservation Efforts

Nepal has a strong network of national parks, wildlife reserves, and conservation areas dedicated to protecting its wildlife and habitats:

• • Chitwan National Park: Nepal’s first national park, famous worldwide for its successful conservation of Bengal tigers and one-horned rhinoceros, as well as elephants, deer, and rich birdlife.
• • Sagarmatha National Park: Encompasses the Everest region, protecting high mountain wildlife like snow leopards, Himalayan tahrs, and rare birds.
• • Shey Phoksundo National Park: Known for its rugged high mountain terrain, pristine lakes, and species adapted to harsh environments.
• • Other important protected areas include Bardiya National Park, Parsa Wildlife Reserve, and Rara National Park.

🌏 Why Nepal’s Climate and Biodiversity Matter

• • The diversity in climate zones allows Nepal to grow a wide variety of crops, from rice and tropical fruits in the lowlands to barley and potatoes in the high mountains.
• • Biodiversity supports ecosystem services like clean air, fertile soil, and water purification.
• • Many species and plants have cultural and religious significance in Nepalese traditions.
• • The variety of animals and plants attracts tourists, researchers, and nature lovers, boosting the economy.
• • Protecting biodiversity helps combat climate change and maintain ecological balance.
• • Climate change and human activities threaten many habitats, so conservation efforts are critical for the future.

✅ Summary

Nepal’s diverse climate zones stretch from the hot, tropical plains of the Terai to the icy, snow-covered peaks of the Himalayas. Each zone—tropical, temperate, subalpine, alpine, and nival—has its own unique weather patterns, plants, and wildlife. This remarkable variation creates one of the richest and most complex natural environments on Earth.

The country’s wide range of habitats supports a vast array of rare and endangered species, vibrant forests, lush meadows, and pristine rivers and lakes. These natural features not only make Nepal’s landscapes stunning but also sustain the livelihoods and cultures of its people.

By understanding Nepal’s climate zones and biodiversity, we learn to value its natural heritage and recognize the urgent need to protect and conserve these precious ecosystems. This stewardship ensures that future generations can continue to enjoy and benefit from Nepal’s extraordinary environment.